Thus, the result of two-kingdom theology is that Religion (Christianity) is personal, restricted to the heart, and the rules for the body politic must not be determined by the Bible.  In America all religions are equal, and therefore all religions are equally irrelevant in the public square.  Religion is only useful in so far as it makes people good citizens who are obedient to the law of the land.

When I recently read the post about Andrew White, a PCA elder and a democratic candidate for the Governor of Texas (The Aquila Report, January 26), I was disheartened, to say the least.  What bothered me most is that he seemed to imply that since both abortion and homosexual marriage are the law of the land, they must be right and good in a democratic society.

I know most leaders in the PCA are rather disturbed by his position, but then I finally concluded that this seems rather inconsistent on their part. His presuppositions about the personal nature of religion and the public nature of civil law explain his views very clearly. He is just consistent with his presuppositions.

His approach is deduced from what is called two-kingdom theology.  There are two kingdoms in this world (and here I am not referring to the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of Satan).  Two-kingdom theology is a view that divides the world into two separate spheres – one is the church (or the Kingdom of God), and the other is the state or the realm of the civil government.  The Bible gives us guidelines pertaining to the arena of the church, but not for the civil magistrate.  The civil magistrate must determine right and wrong from either natural law or the democratic process.

Natural law in history has been described as the rules that come from general revelation (creation and conscience), however today it a reference to the principles discovered independent of the Bible by men who use the scientific method.  If it works for mathematics and chemistry, modern man has concluded that it must also work for social and political science too.  If modern man concludes that abortion is the right of every woman to choose what is best for her own body, and that same-sex attraction is as natural as opposite-sex attraction, then this must be reflected in the law of the body-politic.

A second complement of this natural law approach is the democratic process.  If natural law struggles to define right and wrong, then in a Democracy there is always the final authority of the voice of the people.  The only problem here is that in the United States, the voice of the people has been supplanted by the voice of the Supreme Court, and they usually appeal to natural law.

Both natural law and the democratic process determine civil law for the body-politic.  The Bible has no place in the body-politic.  The Bible is a religious document and it must be restricted to the realm of the church and personal faith.  The State must remain neutral toward religion.

Thus, the result of two-kingdom theology is that Religion (Christianity) is personal, restricted to the heart, and the rules for the body politic must not be determined by the Bible.  In America all religions are equal, and therefore all religions are equally irrelevant in the public square.  Religion is only useful in so far as it makes people good citizens who are obedient to the law of the land.

Either natural law or the voice of the Supreme Court makes right in society as a whole.  Mr. White admits that he and his wife would personally not choose abortion, but this is only a personal and therefore a religious matter. The Bible must not be brought into the arena of the civil magistrate.  This is to mix church and state.

This is the view of Christianity in America and, in my opinion, the prominent view in the PCA as a whole. It finds it roots in Newtonian rationalism of the 17th century, and is exhibited in the thinking of our forefathers as they wrote the United States Constitution in the late 18^th century.  What we see in the views of Mr. White is the fruit of this thinking.   Therefore, even though I am disturbed with the position of Mr. White, I am really not surprised.  Knowing how prominent two-kingdom theology is in the PCA, I’m not sure that the PCA is equipped to handle this kind of problem.

Larry E. Ball is a retired minister in the Presbyterian Church in America and is now a CPA. He lives in Kingsport, Tennessee.